ALUMINUM
ALUMINUM SECTOR
CURRENT STATE
ALUMINUM sector consists of the production of primary aluminum, secondary aluminum, extrusion, flat products, casting products and conductive products. Due to the lightness, corrosion resistance, shape and conductivity of the aluminum, its use is becoming widespread in many sectors such as transportation, packaging, construction, furniture, machinery, electronics and electricity and white goods sectors. Therefore, it is seen as the metal of the 21st century. Due to the superiority of the technical properties of aluminum metal, it is increasingly consumed in increasing use in the field and nowadays it has become the most used metal after iron and steel.
Turkey, met in the year 1950 with aluminum and aluminum applications in the second half of the 20th century main building and joinery, began with the construction of the conductors used in transplant utensils and electrical energy.
Compared to developed countries, aluminum has a short history in our country. It is said that in 1956, about 100 tons of aluminum was processed in very small and few workshops. Starting from the 1960s, especially the production of durable consumer goods and the developments in the automotive sector increased the demand for aluminum, from 20.000 tons in 1970 to 150.000 tons in 1992, 200.000 tons in 1998, 365.00 tons in 2004, 526.000 tons in 2007 and 2008 In 2003, it increased to 557,000 tons.
In 1974, Etibank Seydişehir aluminum plants, a state-owned company, started to produce primary aluminum and aluminum industry became an important sector in our country. In early 1970s, the production of primary aluminum and the development of this industry were restricted due to lack of electricity to meet the demand due to lack of electricity. This plant, which is the only raw material producer of our country with annual production capacity, was privatized in 2005.
Today, the Turkish aluminum sector is a growing and developing sector and has been increasing its importance and development day by day by exporting aluminum semi products and various other products to Europe, Asia and Africa.
ALUMINUM: GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Aluminum in the world in the form of bauxite ore is one of the most common elements in the world. It is obtained by separation by electrolysis method. Pure aluminum is a soft metal but its alloys are resistant to an average of 15 times their pure state. Its weight is about one third of steel or copper. It can be easily malleable, machined and shaped. Very high corrosion resistance. It is not poisonous or magnetic. Aluminum is an environmentally friendly metal and can be recycled infinitely. The energy used for recycling is about 5% of the energy used to obtain the first.
It is used in the construction of millions of different products in many branches of the industry and has a very important place in the world economy. It is indispensable in automotive, aerospace and defense industries that require lightness and high strength properties. It has a wide usage area in construction and furniture industry where aesthetics is at the forefront.
ALUMINUM: HISTORY
Although it is known that Friedrich Wöhler was the first to dissociate aluminum in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminum chloride with potassium, it was produced in an impure form by Hans Christian Øersted, a Danish physicist and chemist, two years before that date. Therefore, in the chemistry literature, the name of Øersted is found as the person who finds aluminum. French Henri Saint-Claire Deville, in 1846, developed Wöhler's method using sodium rather than potassium, which is more expensive.
In 1886, the American Charles Martin Hall filed a patent application for the acquisition of aluminum by an electrolytic process. In the same year, the Frenchman Paul Héroult developed the same technique in Europe. Therefore, the Hall-Heroult process, which is called the two scientists, is the main method used today in the production of aluminum from the ore.
ALUMINUM: BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
Atomic Number: 13
Element Series: Metals
Group, Period, Block: 13, 3, p
Atomic Weight: 26,9815386 (8) g / mol
Electron Sequence: What 3s2 3p1
Electrons per Energy Level: 2, 8, 3
ALUMINUM: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
State of Matter: Solid
Density: 2,70 g / cm³
Liquid Density: 2,375 g / cm³
Melting Point: 933.47 ° K (660,32 ° C)
Boiling Point: 2792 ° C (2519 ° C)
Melting Temperature: 10.71 kJ / mol
Evaporation Temperature: 294,0 kJ / mol
Heat Capacity: 24,2 J / (mol • K)
ALUMINUM: ALLOYS
Mechanical, physical and chemical properties of aluminum alloys vary depending on alloying elements and microstructure. The most important alloying elements involved in aluminum are copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium and zinc.
Aluminum alloys are divided into two groups as forging and casting alloys. Forged alloys have good plastic deformation ability and can be easily shaped. Heat treatment can be applied to most parts of aluminum forging and casting alloys.
According to the American aluminum union, aluminum forged alloys are classified into four letters. This classification is as follows:
1XXX: Pure Aluminum: Generally used in the electrical and chemical industry.
2XXX: Al-Cu Alloys: The basic alloying element is copper. Other alloying elements can be found, especially magnesium, and are widely used in the aerospace industry where high strength is required.
3XXX: Al-Mn Alloys: The main alloying element is manganese. It is used in pipes, liquid tanks and architectural applications.
4XXX: Al-Si Alloys: The basic alloying element is silicon. They have low thermal expansion coefficient and high corrosion resistance. It is used in the production of welded structures, plate production, auto parts.
5XXX: Al-Mg Alloys: The main alloying element is magnesium. Hardness and strength increase as magnesium ratio increases but ductility decreases. Since it has high resistance to marine corrosion, it is used in the production of structures that will work in this environment.
6XXX: Al-Mg-Si Alloys: The main alloying elements are magnesium and silicon. These high alloyed alloys are often used in the manufacture of extruded parts
. 7XXX: Al-Zn Alloys: Copper is the element of alloying and magnesium, chromium and zirconium.
The 7XXX series is the one with the highest strength of aluminum alloys. It is used in the construction of aircraft parts and other high resistance places.
8XXX: Al-Li Alloys: The main alloying element is lithium and can be made of tin. This material, especially used in aircraft and space structures, has good fatigue resistance and good toughness properties. But compared to other Al alloys, production costs are high.
Turkey, met in the year 1950 with aluminum and aluminum applications in the second half of the 20th century main building and joinery, began with the construction of the conductors used in transplant utensils and electrical energy.
Compared to developed countries, aluminum has a short history in our country. It is said that in 1956, about 100 tons of aluminum was processed in very small and few workshops. Starting from the 1960s, especially the production of durable consumer goods and the developments in the automotive sector increased the demand for aluminum, from 20.000 tons in 1970 to 150.000 tons in 1992, 200.000 tons in 1998, 365.00 tons in 2004, 526.000 tons in 2007 and 2008 In 2003, it increased to 557,000 tons.
In 1974, Etibank Seydişehir aluminum plants, a state-owned company, started to produce primary aluminum and aluminum industry became an important sector in our country. In early 1970s, the production of primary aluminum and the development of this industry were restricted due to lack of electricity to meet the demand due to lack of electricity. This plant, which is the only raw material producer of our country with annual production capacity, was privatized in 2005.
Today, the Turkish aluminum sector is a growing and developing sector and has been increasing its importance and development day by day by exporting aluminum semi products and various other products to Europe, Asia and Africa.
ALUMINUM: GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Aluminum in the world in the form of bauxite ore is one of the most common elements in the world. It is obtained by separation by electrolysis method. Pure aluminum is a soft metal but its alloys are resistant to an average of 15 times their pure state. Its weight is about one third of steel or copper. It can be easily malleable, machined and shaped. Very high corrosion resistance. It is not poisonous or magnetic. Aluminum is an environmentally friendly metal and can be recycled infinitely. The energy used for recycling is about 5% of the energy used to obtain the first.
It is used in the construction of millions of different products in many branches of the industry and has a very important place in the world economy. It is indispensable in automotive, aerospace and defense industries that require lightness and high strength properties. It has a wide usage area in construction and furniture industry where aesthetics is at the forefront.
ALUMINUM: HISTORY
Although it is known that Friedrich Wöhler was the first to dissociate aluminum in 1827 by mixing anhydrous aluminum chloride with potassium, it was produced in an impure form by Hans Christian Øersted, a Danish physicist and chemist, two years before that date. Therefore, in the chemistry literature, the name of Øersted is found as the person who finds aluminum. French Henri Saint-Claire Deville, in 1846, developed Wöhler's method using sodium rather than potassium, which is more expensive.
In 1886, the American Charles Martin Hall filed a patent application for the acquisition of aluminum by an electrolytic process. In the same year, the Frenchman Paul Héroult developed the same technique in Europe. Therefore, the Hall-Heroult process, which is called the two scientists, is the main method used today in the production of aluminum from the ore.
ALUMINUM: BASIC CHARACTERISTICS
Atomic Number: 13
Element Series: Metals
Group, Period, Block: 13, 3, p
Atomic Weight: 26,9815386 (8) g / mol
Electron Sequence: What 3s2 3p1
Electrons per Energy Level: 2, 8, 3
ALUMINUM: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
State of Matter: Solid
Density: 2,70 g / cm³
Liquid Density: 2,375 g / cm³
Melting Point: 933.47 ° K (660,32 ° C)
Boiling Point: 2792 ° C (2519 ° C)
Melting Temperature: 10.71 kJ / mol
Evaporation Temperature: 294,0 kJ / mol
Heat Capacity: 24,2 J / (mol • K)
ALUMINUM: ALLOYS
Mechanical, physical and chemical properties of aluminum alloys vary depending on alloying elements and microstructure. The most important alloying elements involved in aluminum are copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium and zinc.
Aluminum alloys are divided into two groups as forging and casting alloys. Forged alloys have good plastic deformation ability and can be easily shaped. Heat treatment can be applied to most parts of aluminum forging and casting alloys.
According to the American aluminum union, aluminum forged alloys are classified into four letters. This classification is as follows:
1XXX: Pure Aluminum: Generally used in the electrical and chemical industry.
2XXX: Al-Cu Alloys: The basic alloying element is copper. Other alloying elements can be found, especially magnesium, and are widely used in the aerospace industry where high strength is required.
3XXX: Al-Mn Alloys: The main alloying element is manganese. It is used in pipes, liquid tanks and architectural applications.
4XXX: Al-Si Alloys: The basic alloying element is silicon. They have low thermal expansion coefficient and high corrosion resistance. It is used in the production of welded structures, plate production, auto parts.
5XXX: Al-Mg Alloys: The main alloying element is magnesium. Hardness and strength increase as magnesium ratio increases but ductility decreases. Since it has high resistance to marine corrosion, it is used in the production of structures that will work in this environment.
6XXX: Al-Mg-Si Alloys: The main alloying elements are magnesium and silicon. These high alloyed alloys are often used in the manufacture of extruded parts
. 7XXX: Al-Zn Alloys: Copper is the element of alloying and magnesium, chromium and zirconium.
The 7XXX series is the one with the highest strength of aluminum alloys. It is used in the construction of aircraft parts and other high resistance places.
8XXX: Al-Li Alloys: The main alloying element is lithium and can be made of tin. This material, especially used in aircraft and space structures, has good fatigue resistance and good toughness properties. But compared to other Al alloys, production costs are high.